Organic Acid Crosslinked 3D Printed Cellulose Nanocomposite Bioscaffolds With Controlled Porosity, Mechanical Strength and Biocompatibility

Biocompatible polysaccharide scaffolds with controllable pore size, good mechanical properties and without hazardous chemical crosslinkers, are desirable for long-term tissue engineering applications but their production is highly challenging. Herein, we fabricated three-dimensional (3D) using a composite ink composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose citric acid, featuring strong shear thinning behavior adequate printability. Highly porous mechanically stable were produced by combining direct writing 3D printing, freeze-drying dehydrothermal heat-assisted crosslinking techniques. The last step induces reaction which was chosen as it non-hazardous green crosslinker. Degree controlled varying the concentration acid (2.5 – 10 wt.%) to tune chemical, surface, swelling degradation in dry hydrated states. highest porosity (86%) interconnected pores (100-450 µm) acquired lowest concentration; significantly reduced at higher well longer hydration time. compressive strength, elastic modulus shape recovery crosslinked increased increasing crosslinker concentration. prepared promoted clustered cell adhesion showed no cytotoxic effects, determined viability assay live/dead staining human bone derived osteoblast cells. water-based method reported here can be extended all polysaccharide-based materials develop cell-friendly tailormade suitable various general.